Research Methodology Assignment

Assignment Requirements

 

Please see the file attached

FIN4230

 

Referencing and Bibliography

 

One of the hallmarks of good research is the proper referencing in the text and the bibliography of the material used. Therefore, you must pay greater attention to them. If you ignore them, it may cost you dearly in terms of your grade.

 

Referencing is used:

 

1. To indicate the source of every direct quotation in the text of the research paper/ dissertation/ thesis;
2. To indicate the authority for every statement of fact in the text which is not a matter of common knowledge; and
3. To acknowledge each conclusion or inference borrowed from another author/ writer.

 

Footnotes are used:

 

1. For all the above reasons; and also,
2. To discuss or amplify points which cannot be discussed in the text without complicating the presentation; and
3. To relieve the text of any matter which tends to interrupt or lessen the interest of the presentation. Example:[1]

 

Two basic requirements:

 

1. Uniformity
2. Simplicity

 

 

Referencing in Text and Listing in Bibliography:

 

1. Citing a book (by a single author, multiple authors, by editors):

 

(i)                 Reference in the Text: give surname of author, year, and page number depending upon the nature of reference. Page number must be given when you quote from a source or when you refer to a specific fact/ point in a source. Examples: (Merton, 1973); (Gibbons et al., 1997); (Stankiewicz, 1985, p.28);

 

(ii)               In Bibliography: the above references in the text should be given in the bibliography as following:

Merton, Robert K. (1973), The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

 

Gibbons, Michael, Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P., and Trow, M. (1997), The New Production of Knowledge, London: SAGE Publications.

 

Stankiewicz, R. (1985), “A new role for universities in technological innovation,” in Sweeny, G. (ed.), Innovation Policies in an International Perspective, London: Frances Pinter Publishers.

 

 

1. Citing a journal article (by a single author, multiple authors):

 

(i)                 Reference in the Text: everything is same as you do in the case book. Examples: (Ho, 1997); (Lee, 1996, p.24); (Boden et al., 1996, pp.21-22).

 

(ii)               In Bibliography: the above references in the text should be given in the bibliography as following:

 

Ho, Mae-Wan (1997), “The Unholy Alliance,” The Ecologist, vol. 27, no. 4 (July-August), pp. 152-158.

 

Lee, Yong S. (1996), “‘Technology transfer’ and the research university: a search for the boundaries of university-industry collaboration,” Research Policy, vol. 25, no.4, pp. 843-863.

 

Boden, R., Gummett, P., Cox, D., and Barker, K. (1998), “Men in white coats… men in grey suits: New public management and the funding of scientific research in the UK,” Journal of Auditing, Accounting and Accountability, vol.11, no.3, pp. 267-291.

 

 

1. Citing a newspaper article (by author’s name when you know the name of the author for the report or article or by newspaper name when you do not have specific author for the report):

 

(i)                 Reference in the Text: everything is same as you do in the case book. Examples: (Barrow, 1997); (The Financial Times,31 January 1996)

 

(ii)               In Bibliography: the above references in the text should be given in the bibliography as following:

 

Barrow, Rebecca (1997), “Celltech dives as drug test fails,” Daily Telegraph, 22 May.

 

The Financial Times (1996), “Celltech chief could net £6.2m,” 31 January.

 

 

 

1. Citing a report (by author’s name, by institution’s name, company’s name):

 

(i)                 Reference in the Text: everything is same as you do in the case book. Examples: (House of Commons, 1999); (Schwartzman et al.,1993); (British Biotech, 1999-2000, pp.43-45)

 

(ii)               In Bibliography: the above references in the text should be given in the bibliography as following:

 

House of Commons, Select Committee on Science and Technology (1999), Science and Technology–Minutes of Evidence, 31 March. Available at: http://www.parliament.thestationary…9899/cmselect/cmsctech/332/9033106.htm (Accessed: 20 June 2000).

 

Schwartzman, S., Galembeck, F., Guimaraes, E. A., and Bertero, C.O. (1993), Science and Technology in Brazil: A new policy for a global world, Summary Document of the science and technology policy study for the Brazilian Ministry of science and Technology, Sao Paulo: Sao Paulo School of Business Administration.

 

British Biotech (1999-2000), Annual Statement of Financial Accounts, London.

 

 

1. Citing a Website (by author’s name, by institution’s name, or by Website ID):

 

(i)                 Reference in the Text: everything is same as you do in the case book. Examples: (House of Commons, 1999); (British Biotech, 1999); (Website B)

 

(ii)               In Bibliography: the above references in the text should be given in the bibliography as following:

 

House of Commons, Select Committee on Science and Technology (1999), Science and Technology–Minutes of Evidence, 31 March. Available at: http://www.parliament.thestationary…9899/cmselect/cmsctech/332/9033106.htm (Accessed: 20 June 2000)

 

British Biotech (1998), Press Releases, Various dates; Available at: http://www.britishbiotech.co.uk   (Accessed: 25 May 2000).

 

Website B:http://www.activemedia-guide.com/print_biotechnology.htm (Accessed: 30 May 2000).

 

Stylistic Requirements

 

1. If you are citing foreign news papers, you must give place of publication in the bibliography when it is listed first time. Example:

Li, Ping (2001) “China and the WTO,” The China Daily (Beijing), 20 January.

 

2. In descriptive matter, numbers under 100 should be written in words. Example:

Eighty (not 80) years ago the country was in serious economic problem, but in the next thirty (not 30) years it is expected to emerge as an economic power.

3. Figures (not words) should be used when the matter is essentially statistical. Example:

In 1996, the UK launched the ICT for All programme which covered 12, 000 schools, 345 colleges, and over 500, 000 students at different level.

 

4. When reference is made to two consecutive pages, for example,158 and 159, this should be shown as pp.158-159. If the reference is made to two consecutive pages and another page which is not consecutive, for example, pages 158 and 159, 160,   this should be shown as pp.158-159, and p.160.

 

5. The symbol ‘%’ which denotes percentage, should be used only when presenting statistical material in tabular form. In running text you need to spell it out. For example: Only 35 per cent of the firms were exporting in 2003.

 

6. All the Tables / Figures / Charts should be given numbers and titles and sources of data. For examples:

 

(i) The first table in Chapter 2 will be TABLE 2.1: EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF ICT INDUSTRY IN THE UK

 

(ii) The third Figure in Chapter 4 will be FIGURE 4.3: LINKAGES BETWEEN SUBCONTRACTORS AND MAJOR FIRMS IN THE ICT INDUSTRY (UK)

 

7. Quotations: When you want to strengthen your arguments by quotation from an authoritative source, make sure that it is (i) absolutely necessary; (ii) accurate; and (iii) short. Even when you acknowledge your source of quotation, it is important to ensure that you have quoted just the minimum words necessary for your purpose. Avoid misquotations: verify everything in the quotation including spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and hyphenation before you put it in. No quotation should exceed four lines. If it exceeds four lines, then you need to distinguish this by using single type space and indent. Examples:

 

(i)                 Nelson Mandela, former president of South Africa, strongly criticised the drug companies for “exploiting the situation that exists in countries like South Africa in the developing world” and charging “exorbitant prices which are beyond the capacity of the ordinary HIV/AIDS person” (The Guardian, 16 April, 2001).

 

(ii)               Jean-Pierre Berlan, Director of Research at the National Agronomic Research Institute (INRA) and Richard C. Lewontin, professor of population genetics in Harvard observed:

 

The genetic-industrial complex is trying to transform political questions into technical and scientific ones so that responsibility for them can be shifted onto bodies it can control. Its experts, dressed in the candid probity and the white coat of impartiality and objectivity, use the camera to distract people’s attention. Then they put on their three-piece suits to negotiate behind the scenes the patent they have just applied for, or sit on the committees that will inform public opinion and regulate their own activities. It is a serious thing when democracy no longer has any independent experts and has to depend on the courage and honesty of a few scientists and researchers (The Guardian, 22 February 1999).

 

(iii)             If in a sentence or passage that you have quoted, there are words and expressions italicized for the sake of emphasis, you should indicate as [the emphasis original] at the end of the quotation. For example:

 

There is a general perception, in western countries at least, that public trust in science and those who practice it is at a low ebb and that the view that “there can be bad science that ill-serves humanity” [the emphasis original] (Ho 1997, p. 155).

(iv)              If you want to emphasis a word or words in a quotation by italicizing them, then you need to indicate this as [the emphasis added] at the end of the quotation. Example:

 

“Practically all established molecular geneticists have some direct or indirect connection with industry, which will set limits on what the scientists can and will do research on…compromising their integrity as independent scientists” [the emphasis added] (Ho, 1997, p.155).

 

(v)                If, in order to clarify the meaning or context of a quotation, you feel the need to put in a comment or explanation of your own at any place in the middle of the quotation, the words so put should be placed within square brackets. Example: The pharmaceutical company “claimed [just before raising additional share capital in the LSE] that its drugs on clinical trials shown very successful results”

 

(vi)              Omission of material from a passage quoted is indicated by using three dots. When the omission occurs at the end of a sentence, this will be indicated by using four dots and the quotation marks comes after the four dots. Example:

 

Research, more especially basic research, is often a gamble. The working out of imaginative ideas, sometimes on the basis of slight clues, or perhaps just intuition, may lead to whole new fields of knowledge, or to nothing…yet it is at the early uncertain stages of research that help is most necessary and most valuable (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (UK), 1962, p.129).

 

(vii)            “The genetic-industrial complex is trying to transform political questions into technical and scientific ones so that responsibility for them can be shifted onto bodies ….”

 

8. The name of the country, organisation, agency should be given in full the first time it occurs. Examples: The United Arab Emirates (UAE), the United Nations (UN), National Planning Committee (NPC), Robert K. Merton. Then you can use abbreviations or surname. The abbreviations should be in capital letters. Examples: UN, UAE, WTO, IMF.

 

9. The name of a person should be given in full the first time it occurs. Examples: Robert K. Merton. When you mention it subsequently, you can use surname. Example: According to Merton

 

1. Avoid using titles such as Sir, Dr, Prof., etc.

 

1. Use either UK or US English spelling throughout to ensure uniformity.

 

2. Avoid bombastic, rhetoric, slang, and strongly biased statements or words such as ‘very very’, ‘huge’, ‘rapid’ ‘beautifully put’ ‘nicely stated’, ‘fantastic’ ‘excellent’ and also do not use ‘&’in the running text. Some people appear to have developed some hangover from text messaging and email where they use some short cut/ coded words; do not use these words or symbols.

 

3. Try to be as simple and matter-of-fact as possible, but do not hesitate to make use of humour, irony, and sarcasm wherever you can strengthen and lend force to your argument with their help.

 

4. Do not misappropriate other people’s work. Acknowledge your sources. Even when presenting another writer’s views with due acknowledgement, summarise them in your own words.

 

5. Remember that plagiarism is likely to be spotted by an alert supervisor or examiner and will cost you dearly.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bibliography

(Sample)

 

Bibliography should be given at the end of running text, but before putting in Appendices. Bibliography should be listed according to alphabetical order as shown below:

 

Ball, James (1991), “Short Termism – Myth or Reality,” National Westminster Bank: Quarterly Review, August.

 

Barrow, Rebecca (1997), “Celltech dives as drug test fails,” Daily Telegraph, 22 May.

 

British Biotech (1998), British Biotech plc: Circular to Shareholders, Oxford: British Biotech.

 

British Biotech (1998), Press Releases, Various dates; <http://www.britishbiotech.co.uk>   [Accessed 20 May 1999].

 

Bogler, Daniel (1993), “Celltech listing with £180m tag,” The Daily Telegraph, 09 November.

 

Celltech (1996), Preliminary Announcement of Results for the year ended 30^th September, Website G.

 

_____________ (1997), Bayer announce disappointing results with new drug for treatment of septic shock, Website G.

 

_____________ (1998), “Financials: Five year summary,” Celltech – Press Release Archive, 30 September, Website G.

 

_____________ (1998), “Financials: Five Year Summary,” Press Release, 30 September.

 

(Note: When more than one source by the same author is listed, you should list them as shown above)

Clark, Andrew (1998), “Agency adds to Biotech saga,” Electronic Telegraph, Issue 1076, 6 May, Website A.

 

Cookson, Clive and Green, Daniel (1992), “Disenchantment with the biotechnology sector has not stopped UK companies coming to market,” The Financial Times, 12 June.

 

Cookson, Clive and Taylor, Roger (1997), “Celltech failure heightens drug risk: The sector’s warnings go largely unheeded,” The Financial Times, 22 May.

 

Daily Telegraph, Various dates and years.

 

Demirag, Istemi S. (1995), “Assessing short-term perceptions and evidence of group finance directors if UK companies,” British Accounting Review, vol. 27, pp. 247-281.

 

Demirag, Istemi S., ed. (1998), Corporate Governance, Accountability, and Pressures to Perform: An International Study, London: Jai Press Inc.

 

Financial Times, Various dates and years.

 

Goodchild, Sophie (1998), “Wild claims of biotech firms to be curbed,” The Independent on Sunday,6 December.

 

 

Green, Daniel (1994), “Cortecs Intl seeking £15m in flotation,” Finance Times, 17 March.

 

_____________ (1994a), “Celltech poised to sign another collaboration,” The Financial Times, 02 December.

 

_____________ (1997), “New drug may give Celltech a boost,” The Financial Times, 01 May.

 

_____________ (1997a), “A sector to scare investors seriously,” The Financial Times, 10 July.

 

_____________ (1997b), “Cortecs boosted by bronchitis trials,” The Financial Times, 13 August.

 

(Note: when you list more than one source by the same author written in the same year then the year should be shown with a suffix a or b or c as above)

 

Grinyer, J., Russell, A., and Collinson, D. (1998), “Evidence of Managerial Short-termism in the UK,” British Journal of Management, vol. 9, pp. 13-22.

 

Groot, Tom L.C.M. (1998), “Determinants of shareholders’ short-term pressures: empirical evidence from Dutch companies,” The European Journal of Finance, vol. 4, September, pp. 212-232.

 

House of Commons, Select Committee on Science and Technology (1999), Science and Technology–Minutes of Evidence, 31 March. Available at: http://www.parliament.thestationary…9899/cmselect/cmsctech/332/9033106.htm (Accessed: 20 may 2000).

 

Khan, Imran (2003), Impact of Privatization on the Banking Industry of Pakistan, Dissertation, London: Middlesex University Business School.

 

Marsh, Paul (1990), Short-Termism on Trial, London: Institutional Fund Managers Association.

 

Mccrone, Angus (1991), “Celltech aims at £250m float,” The Sunday Telegraph, 01 December.

 

_____________ (1993), “Celltech’s shot in the arm – A Once-written off biotech pioneer is preparing to go public in a float that could raise up to £30m,” The Sunday Telegraph, 08 August.

 

_____________ (1992), “Celltech and British Biotech plan float in next two years,” The Financial Times, 18 May.

 

Marston, C.L., and Craven, B. M (1998), “A survey of corporate perceptions of short-termism among analysts and fund managers,” The European Journal of Finance, vol. 4, September, pp. 233-256.

 

Marsh, Paul (1990), Short-Termism on Trial, London: Institutional Fund Managers Association.

 

Oughton, Christine (1997), “Competitiveness Policy in the 1990s”, The Economic Journal, vol. 107, no. 444, September, pp. 1486-1503.

 

Potter, Ben (1998), “Exchange Probe into British Bio Statements,” Electronic Telegraph, Issue 1067, 27 (see Website A).

 

Taylor, Roger (1997), “Blow for biotech industry: Celltech shares plummet as septic shock drug is dropped after poor trial results,” Financial Times, 22 May.

 

The Independent, Various dates and years.

 

Website A: The Daily Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk (Accessed: 25 May 2001).

 

Website B:http://www.activemedia-guide.com/print_biotechnology.htm (Accessed: 20 June 2001).

 

Website C: British Biotech Plc: http://www.britishbiotech.co.uk  (Accessed: 22 May 2001).

 

Website D:http://www.hemscott.com/infosearch/62084.htm (Accessed: 18 June 2001).

 

Website E: Cortecs Plc: http://www.cortecs.com   (Accessed 15 May 2001).

 

Website F: Celltech Plc: http://www.celltech-group.com   (Accessed 10 May 2001).

 

Williams, Peter (1991), “Time and the City: Short Termism in the UK, Myth or Reality?” National Westminster Bank: Quarterly Review, August.

 

 

 

[1]This handout is expected to help you to develop various techniques involved in referencing in the text, other stylistic issues such as how to quote from sources, and bibliography.

 

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